PASSIVE VOICE
Ø Definisi of passive voice
Verbs are also
said to be either active (The executive committee approved the new
policy) or passive (The new policy was approved by the executive
committee) in voice. In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is
straightforward: the subject is a be-er or a do-er and the verb moves the
sentence along. In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is
neither a do-er or a be-er, but is acted upon by some other agent
or by something unnamed (The new policy was approved). Computerized grammar
checkers can pick out a passive voice construction from miles away and ask you
to revise it to a more active construction. There is nothing inherently wrong
with the passive voice, but if you can say the same thing in the active mode,
do so (see exceptions below). Your text will have more pizzazz as a result,
since passive verb constructions tend to lie about in their pajamas and avoid
actual work.
We
find an overabundance of the passive voice in sentences created by
self-protective business interests, magniloquent educators, and bombastic
military writers (who must get weary of this accusation), who use the passive
voice to avoid responsibility for actions taken. Thus "Cigarette ads were
designed to appeal especially to children" places the burden on the ads as opposed to "We designed the cigarette
ads to appeal especially to children," in which "we" accepts
responsibility. At a White House press briefing we might hear that "The
President was advised that certain members of Congress were being audited"
rather than "The Head of the Internal Revenue service advised the
President that her agency was auditing certain members of Congress"
because the passive construction avoids responsibility for advising and for
auditing. One further caution about the passive voice: we should not mix active
and passive constructions in the same sentence: "The executive committee
approved the new policy, and the calendar for next year's meetings was
revised" should be recast as "The executive committee approved the
new policy and revised the calendar for next year's meeting."
The rules
of Passive Voice such as :
1. The sentence must have oject
(transitive verb). It must have quesion word which asks object.
2. Object in active will be subject in
passive.
3. Subject in active will be object in
passive.
4. We must use past participle (verb -
III).
5. The arrange of sentence depends on
tenses.
Rumus Passive
Voice
S
+ AUXILIARY + PAST PARTICIPLE
|
Keterangan
:
o
Auxiliary verb can be either a primary auxiliary verb be (is, are, am, was,
were, be, been, being) or a combination of the two primaries (is / are being,
was / were being, has / have been) as well as between primary and capital
auxiliary verb (will be, will not have been).
o
Kombinasi auxiliary used in the passive
form of the tenses.
Fuller explanation can be found in the Form of Passive tenses, Infinitive,
and Gerund.
o Past participle
used a transitive
verb (has a direct object).
There are some kinds of
passive voice are
:
A.
Present Passive Voice
1. Simple Present
Tense
·
Active : Do / Does +
Verb 1
I speak English every day.
·
Passive : Is / Am / Are
+ Verb 3
English is spoken by me every day.
2. Present
Continous Tense
·
Active
: Is / Am / Are + Verb
–ing
Tina is singing a
song.
·
Passive :
Is / Am / Are + Being + Verb 3
A song is being sung by Tina.
3. Present Perfect
Tense
·
Active :
Have / Has + Verb 3
She have Written a
novel.
·
Passive :
Have / Has + Been + Verb 3
A novel have been written by her.
B.
Past Passive Voice
1.
Simple Past Tense
·
Active :
Did + Verb 2
Susi studied English.
·
Passive : Was / Were + Verb 3
English was studied by Susi.
2. Past Continous
Tense
·
Active
: Was / Were + Verb –ing
Rini was studying
English.
·
Passive : Was / Were +
Being + Verb 3
English was being studied by Rini.
3. Past Perfect
Tense
·
Active: Had + Verb 3
Reny had speak english.
·
Passive : Had + Been +
Verb 3
English had been spoken by Reny
C.
Future Passive Voice
1.
Simple Future Tense
·
Active : Will / Shall
+ Verb 1
Fendi will study English.
·
Passive : Will / Shall
+ Be + Verb 3
English will be studied by Fendi.
2. Future
Continous Tense
·
Active
: Will / Shall + Be +
Verb –ing
Toni will be
reading a book.
·
Passive :
Will / Shall + Be + Being + Verb 3
A book will be being read by Toni
3. Future Perfect
Tense
·
Active : Will / Shall + Have + Verb 3
Tian will have spoken English.
·
Passive :
Will / Shall + Have + Been + Verb 3
English will have been spoken by Tian.
D.
Modal Auxiliary Passive Voice
·
Active :
Can - Could +
Verb 1
May – Might + Verb 1
Will – Would +
Verb 1
Must – Had to +
Verb 1
Shall – Should +
Verb 1
Ougth to +
Verb 1
Toni can speak english
Rian may drink coffe.
·
Passive :
Can – Could +
Be + Verb 3
May – Might +
Be + Verb 3
Will – Would +
Be + Verb 3
Must – Had to +
Be + Verb 3
Shall – Should +
Be + Verb 3
Ougth to +
Be + Verb 3
English can
be spoken by Toni.
Coffe may be drank by Rian
Ø Passive Verb Formation
The passive forms of a
verb are created by combining a form of the "to be verb" with the
past participle of the main verb. Other helping verbs are also sometimes
present: "The measure could have been killed in committee." The
passive can be used, also, in various tenses. Let's take a look at the passive
forms of "design."
Tense
|
Subject
|
Auxiliary
|
Past
Participle
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Present
|
The car/cars
|
is
|
are
|
designed.
|
Present perfect
|
The car/cars
|
has been
|
have been
|
designed.
|
Past
|
The car/cars
|
was
|
were
|
designed.
|
Past perfect
|
The car/cars
|
had been
|
had been
|
designed.
|
Future
|
The car/cars
|
will be
|
will be
|
designed.
|
Future perfect
|
The car/cars
|
will have been
|
will have been
|
designed.
|
Present progressive
|
The car/cars
|
is being
|
are being
|
designed.
|
Past progressive
|
The car/cars
|
was being
|
were being
|
designed.
|
A sentence cast
in the passive voice will not always include an
agent
of the action. For instance if a gorilla crushes a tin can, we could say
"The tin can was crushed by the gorilla." But a perfectly good
sentence would leave out the gorilla: "The tin can was crushed."
Also, when an active sentence with an indirect object is recast in the passive,
the indirect object can take on the role of subject in the passive sentence:
Active
|
Professor Villa gave Jorge
an A.
|
Passive
|
An A was given to Jorge by Professor Villa.
|
Passive
|
Jorge was given an A.
|
|
|
Only
transitive verbs (those that take objects) can be transformed into passive
constructions. Furthermore, active sentences containing certain verbs cannot be
transformed into passive structures. To have is the most important of
these verbs. We can say "He has a new car," but we cannot say "A
new car is had by him." We can say "Josefina lacked finesse,"
but we cannot say "Finesse was lacked." Here is a brief list of such
verbs
resemble
|
look
like
|
equal
|
agree
with
|
mean
|
contain
|
hold
|
comprise
|
lack
|
suit
|
fit
|
become
|
Ø Verbals in Passive Structures
Verbals or verb forms
can also take on features of the passive voice. An infinitive phrase in the
passive voice, for instance, can perform various functions within a
sentence (just like the active forms of the infinitive).
·
Subject: To be elected by my peers is a
great honor.
·
Object: That child really likes to be
read to by her mother.
·
Modifier: Grasso was the first woman to
be elected governor in her own right.
The same is true of passive
gerunds.
·
Subject: Being elected by my peers was a
great thrill.
·
Object: I really don't like being
lectured to by my boss.
·
Object of preposition: I am so tired of
being lectured to by my boss.
Sumber :
De potter, Bobby dan
Mike Hernacki. 2001. Quantum
Learning, Bandung. Kaifa.
Alwi, Hasan dkk., eds. 1998. Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa
Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
